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With the advance in wind turbine technologies, the cost of wind energy
becomes competitive with other fuel-based generation resources. Due to the price hike of the fossil fuel and the concern of the global warming, the development of wind power has rapidly progressed over the last decade. The annual growth rate of the wind generation installation has exceeded 26% since 1990s. Many countries have set goal for high penetration levels of wind generations. Recently, several large-scale wind generation projects have been implemented all over the world. It is economically beneficial to integrate very large amounts of wind capacity in power systems. Unlike other traditional generation facilities, using wind turbines present technical challenges in producing continuous and controllable electric power. The distinct feature of the wind energy is its nature of “intermittent”. Since it is difficult to predict and control the output of the wind generation, its potential impacts on the electric grid are different from the traditional energy sources. At high penetration level, an extra fast response reserve capacity is needed to cover shortfall of generation when a sudden deficit of wind takes place. However, this requires capital investment and infrastructure improvement. To enable a proper management of the uncertainty, this study presents an approach to make wind power become a more reliable source on both energy and capacity by using energy storage devices. Combining the wind power generation system with energy storage will reduce fluctuation of wind power. Since it requires capital investment for the storage system, it is important to estimate reasonable storage capacities for desired applications. In addition, energy storage application for reducing the output variation and improving the dynamic stability during the gust wind and severe fault are also studied
Fossil energy and nuclear energy are considered nonrenewable energy
types. Nonrenewable energy is obtained from sources at a rate that exceeds
the rate at which the sources are replenished. For example, if the biogenic
origin of fossil fuels is correct, we could consider fossil fuels renewable
over a period of millions of years, but the existing store of fossil fuels is
being consumed over a period of centuries. Because we are consuming
fossil fuels at a rate that exceeds the rate of replenishment, we consider
fossil fuels nonrenewable. Similar comments apply to nuclear fuels such
as uranium, as we observe in later chapters. Solar energy is considered
a renewable energy for the following reasons.1
Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources at a rate that is less
than or equal to the rate at which the source is replenished. In the case
of solar energy, we can use only the amount of energy provided by the
sun. Because the remaining lifetime of the sun is measured in millions
of years, many people consider solar energy an inexhaustible supply of
energy. In fact, solar energy from the sun is finite, but should be available
for use by many generations of people. Solar energy is therefore considered
renewable. Energy sources that are associated with solar energy, such as
wind and biomass, are also considered renewable.
Solar radiation may be converted to other forms of energy by several
conversion processes. Thermal conversion relies on the absorption of solar
energy to heat a cool surface. Biological conversion of solar energy relies
on photosynthesis. Photovoltaic conversion generates electrical power by
the generation of an electrical current as a result of a quantum mechanical
process. Wind power and ocean energy conversion rely on atmospheric
pressure gradients and oceanic temperature gradients to generate electrical
power. In this chapter we focus on thermal conversion.We first discuss the
source of available solar energy, and then consider solar energy technology
in two of its three forms: passive solar, and active solar. The third form of
solar energy, solar electric, is discussed in the next chapter. We end this
chapter with a discussion of solar power plants.
